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Download Free PDF. Physics-Student Solution Manual. Related Papers. Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts. Jewett R.
College Physics giancoli file. College Physics. Fluid Mechanic White 5e Ch01 Solution. Before turning to the problem solutions in this manual, you should use these features in your text to your advantage. While these multiple formats provide you with a wide range of options for accessing and repurposing the text, they also present some challenges for the organization of this solutions manual, since problem numbering is automated and the same problem may be numbered differently depending on the format selected by the end user.
See the Table of Contents on the previous page. Problem numbering throughout the solutions manual will match the numbering in the PDF version of the product, provided that users have not modified or customized the original content of the book by adding or removing problems. Numbering of Tables, Figures, Examples, and other elements of the text throughout this manual will also coincide with the numbering in the PDF and print versions of the text.
For online and epub users of College Physics, we have included question stem along with the solution for each Problem order to minimize any confusion caused by discrepancies in numbering. Images, figures, and tables—which occasionally accompany or complement problems and exercises—have been omitted from the solutions manual to save space. How long is the field in meters? Assume that 1 meter equals 3. Then calculate the average speed of the Earth in its orbit in kilometers per second.
How many beats does he or she have in 2. Solution a To calculate the number of beats she has in 2. A person measures his or her heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s. Solution To calculate the heart rate, we need to divide the number of beats by the time and convert to beats per minute. The length and width of a rectangular room are measured to be 3. Calculate the area of the room and its uncertainty in square meters. Solution The area is 3. Now use the method of adding percents to get uncertainty in the area.
Find the following for path A in Figure 2. Solution a The total distance traveled is the length of the line from the dot to the arrow in path A, or 7 m. A football quarterback runs He is then hit and pushed 3. He breaks the tackle and runs straight forward another Calculate his average velocity a for each of the three intervals and b for the entire motion.
The planetary model of the atom pictures electrons orbiting the atomic nucleus much as planets orbit the Sun. In this model you can view hydrogen, the simplest atom, as having a single electron in a circular orbit 1. If the deceleration of the ball is 2. Professional Application Blood is accelerated from rest to To solve this part, first identify the unknown, and then discuss how you chose the appropriate equation to solve for it. After choosing the equation, show your steps in solving for the unknown, checking your units.
Converting everything to standard units first makes it easy to see that the units of meters cancel, leaving only the units of seconds. An entire heartbeat cycle takes about one second.
The time for acceleration of blood out of the ventricle is only a fraction of the entire cycle. Solution a Find a which should be negative. To get the deceleration in multiples of g , we a Calculate the displacement and velocity at times of a 0. Solution a posiEon vs. Eme posiEon meters 0 0 10 20 30 40 Eme seconds In the position vs. Eme velocity meters per second 50 0 0 10 20 30 40 Eme seconds In the velocity vs. Find the following for path A in Figure 3. Solution a To measure the total distance traveled, we take a ruler and measure the length of Path A to the north, and add to it to the length of Path A to the east.
Path A travels 3 blocks north and 1 block east, for a total of four blocks. Use a protractor to measure the angle, with the center of the protractor at the start, measure the angle to where the arrow is at the end of Path A. In order to do this, it may be necessary to extend the line from the start to the arrow of Path A, using a ruler.
The length of the displacement vector, measured from the start to the arrow of Path A, along the line you just drew. Repeat the problem two problems prior, but for the second leg you walk Show that this is the case. The vector A should be Measure the length of the resultant vector using your ruler, and use a protractor with center at the tail of the resultant vector to get the angle. The vector B should be Find the following for path C in Figure 3.
In this part of the problem, explicitly show how you follow the steps of the analytical method of vector addition. Do Problem 3. Is that consistent with your result? Solution a We want to calculate the displacement for walk A rugby player passes the ball 7. This angle is not used as often, because the time of flight will be longer. In rugby that means the defense would have a greater time to get into position to knock down or intercept the pass that has the larger angle of release.
An eagle is flying horizontally at a speed of 3. Calculate the velocity of the fish relative to the water when it hits the water. A basketball player is running at 5. He maintains his horizontal velocity. Near the end of a marathon race, the first two runners are separated by a distance of The front runner has a velocity of 3.
The velocity of the wind relative to the water is crucial to sailboats. Suppose a sailboat is in an ocean current that has a velocity of 2. It encounters a wind that has a velocity of 4. What is the velocity of the wind relative to the water? Solution In order to calculate the velocity of the wind relative to the ocean, we need to add the vectors for the wind and the ocean together, being careful to use vector addition.
The velocity of the wind relative to the ocean is equal to the velocity of the wind relative to the earth plus the velocity of the earth relative to the ocean. The first subscript is the object, the second is what it is relative to. In other words the velocity of the earth relative to the ocean is the opposite of the velocity of the ocean relative to the earth.
A ship sailing in the Gulf Stream is heading Its velocity relative to the Earth is 4. What is the velocity of the Gulf Stream? The velocity obtained is typical for the Gulf Stream a few hundred kilometers off the east coast of the United States. The velocity of the water relative to the earth is equal to the velocity of the water relative to the ship plus the velocity of the ship relative to the earth.
What is the net external force on him? Assume that the mass of the system is kg, and the force of friction opposing the motion is known to be N. Solution a Use the thrust given for the rocket sled in Figure 4. The weight of an astronaut plus his space suit on the Moon is only N.
How much do they weigh on Earth? What is the mass on the Moon? On Earth? Calculate the force a Solution Step 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. This may be done either graphically or by using trigonometry. Draw these to scale on the same drawing used in part b or a similar picture. What force is exerted on the tooth in Figure 4.
Note that the force applied to the tooth is smaller than the tension in the wire, but this is necessitated by practical considerations of how force can be applied in the mouth. Figure 4. Integrated Concepts A basketball player jumps straight up for a ball. To do this, he lowers his body 0.
This player leaves the floor with a vertical velocity sufficient to carry him 0. He goes from zero to the velocity found in part a in a distance of 0. Solution a After he leaves the ground, the basketball player is like a projectile. Since he reaches a maximum height of 0. Solving for the v2 4. Integrated Concepts An elevator filled with passengers has a mass of kg. Calculate the tension in the cable supporting the elevator.
What is the tension in the cable during this time? What is the tension in the cable during deceleration? Unreasonable Results A The scale exerts an upward force on him equal to its reading. The final speed is too large The time of 2. Note that this acceleration is independent of mass. Assume that only half the weight of the car is supported by the two drive wheels and that the coefficient of static friction is involved—that is, the tires are not allowed to slip during the acceleration.
Ignore rolling. If the upward force on the lower performer is three times her weight, how much do the bones the femurs in her upper legs stretch? You may assume each is equivalent to a uniform rod Her mass is As an oil well is drilled, each new section of drill pipe supports its own weight and that of the pipe and drill bit beneath it.
Calculate the stretch in a new 6. The pipe is equivalent in strength to a solid cylinder 5. To calculate the Y A mass supported by the pipe, we need to add the mass of the new pipe to the mass of the 3.
A farmer making grape juice fills a glass bottle to the brim and caps it tightly. The juice expands more than the glass when it warms up, in such a way that the volume increases by 0. Calculate the force exerted by the juice per square centimeter if its bulk modulus is 1.
In view of your answer, do you think the bottle will survive? The hub is weighted so that it does not rotate, but it contains gears to count the number of wheel revolutions—it then calculates the distance traveled.
If the wheel has a 1. Solution Given: 1. A truck with 0. What is the angular velocity of the rotating tires in radians per second? Verify that the linear speed of an ultracentrifuge is about 0. What is the ideal speed to take a m radius curve banked at a The only known force a planet exerts on Earth is gravitational.
How does the force of Jupiter on the baby compare to the force of the father on the baby? Other objects in the room and the hospital building also exert similar gravitational forces. Of course, there could be an unknown force acting, but scientists first need to be convinced that there is even an effect, much less that an unknown force causes it.
Find the mass of Jupiter based on data for the orbit of one of its moons, and compare your result with its actual mass. Integrated Concepts Space debris left from old satellites and their launchers is becoming a hazard to other satellites. What is the velocity of the rivet relative to the satellite just before striking it? How much work does a supermarket checkout attendant do on a can of soup he pushes 0.
Express your answer in joules and kilocalories. A shopper pushes a grocery cart He pushes in a direction The bumper cushions the shock by absorbing the force over a distance. Calculate the magnitude of the average force on a bumper that collapses 0. A hydroelectric power facility see Figure 7.
The energy stored in the lake is E bomb 3. The Crab Nebula see Figure 7. Using data from Table 7. Solution From Table 7. Work done to lift his body can be omitted because it is not considered useful output here. Do not include the power produced to accelerate his body.
Very large forces are produced in joints when a person jumps from some height to the ground. Be certain to include the weight of the person.
Calculate the force produced if the stopping distance is 0. This could be damaging to the body. This can be easily sustained.
Its square base, originally m on a side, covered These proportions neglect the mass of bulk and nondigestible materials consumed. Now, from Table 7. A person slaps her leg with her hand, bringing her hand to rest in 2. Explain why or why not.
A cruise ship with a mass of 1. It comes to rest 6. Calculate the average force exerted on the pier using the concept of impulse. Hint: First calculate the time it took to bring the ship to rest. Find: net force on the pier. Professional Application Train cars are coupled together by being bumped into one another. Suppose two loaded train cars are moving toward one another, the first having a mass of , kg and a velocity of 0. The minus indicates direction of motion. What is their final velocity?
Professional Application Using mass and speed data from Example 8. Might the loss of kinetic energy be related to how much it hurts to catch the pass? The pain is related to the amount of kinetic energy, which is significantly less in this latter situation.
Keeping the rifle close to the body increases the effective mass of the rifle, hence reducing the kinetic energy of the recoiling rifle. Since pain is related to the amount of kinetic energy, a rifle hurts less if it held against the body. If the clown recoils with a velocity of 0.
The muscles convert the chemical potential energy of ATP into kinetic energy. The energy of the incoming helium nucleus was 8. Derive the equation for the vertical acceleration of a rocket.
Professional Application a A 5. What is the recoil velocity of the squid if the ejection is done in 0. What torque are you exerting relative to the hinges? Suppose a horse leans against a wall as in Figure 9. Calculate the force exerted on the wall assuming that force is horizontal while using the data in the schematic representation of the situation.
Note that the force exerted on the wall is equal and opposite to the force exerted on the horse, keeping it in equilibrium. The total mass of the horse and rider is kg. Take the data to be accurate to three digits. Solution There are four forces acting on the horse and rider: N acting straight up the ground , w acting straight down from the center of mass , f acting horizontally to the left, at the ground to prevent the horse from slipping , and Fwall acting to the right.
A sandwich board advertising sign is constructed as shown in Figure 9. Solution Looking at Figure 9. The tension and the hinge exert internal forces, and therefore cancel when considering the entire sandwich board. Even when the head is held erect, as in Figure 9. The muscles at the back of the neck should therefore exert a force to keep the head erect.
That is why your head falls forward when you fall asleep in the class. At its peak, a tornado is What is its angular velocity in revolutions per second?
Integrated Concepts You have a grindstone a disk that is Solution a Using the result from Example Superman is not immediately concerned, because he knows Zorch can only exert a force of 4. How long must Zorch push with this force to accomplish his goal?
This period gives Superman time to devote to other villains. Solution Step 1: There is a torque present due to a force being applied perpendicular to a rotation axis. The mass involved is the earth. Step 2: The system of interest is the earth. Step 3: The free body diagram is drawn to the left. Calculate the rotational kinetic energy in the motorcycle wheel Figure To develop muscle tone, a woman lifts a 2. She uses her biceps muscle to flex the lower arm through an angle of Solution a Assuming her arm starts extended vertically downward, we can calculate the initial angular acceleration.
The only force that contributes to the torque when the mass is vertical is the muscle, and the moment of inertia is that of the arm and that of the mass. Repeat Example Gold is sold by the troy ounce What is the volume of 1 troy ounce of pure gold? Solution m From Table What is the depth of the tank if it is 0.
Solution m m a From Table The pressure exerted by a phonograph needle on a record is surprisingly large. If the equivalent of 1. Show that the total force on a rectangular dam due to the water behind it increases with the square of the water depth. You may assume the face of the dam is vertical. Hint: Calculate the average pressure exerted and multiply this by the area in contact with the water.
See Figure A certain hydraulic system is designed to exert a force times as large as the one put into it. Assume no losses to friction. Do this by showing that the distance the output force moves is reduced by the same factor that the output force is increased. Assume the volume of the fluid is constant. How would this depend on whether or not the fluid is moving? In other words, with friction, you need to push harder on the input piston than was calculated.
Note: the volume of fluid is still conserved. Bird bones have air pockets in them to reduce their weight—this also gives them an average density significantly less than that of the bones of other animals.
Suppose an ornithologist weighs a bird bone in air and in water and finds its mass is The air pockets will have a density of approximately 1. This could be measured by placing her in a tank with marks on the side to measure how much water she displaces when floating and when held under water briefly. With what accuracy must you be able to measure the mass of such an ingot in and out of water to tell that it is almost pure tungsten rather than pure gold?
Solution To determine if the ingot is gold or tungsten, we need to calculate the percent difference between the two substances both out and in water. Then, the difference between these percent differences is the necessary accuracy that we must have in order to determine the substance we have.
The percent difference is calculated by calculating the difference in a quantity and dividing that by the value for gold. Then the apparent mass loss is equal to that of the water displaced, i. We stated in Example When two soap bubbles touch, the larger is inflated by the smaller until they form a single bubble. Heroes in movies hide beneath water and breathe through a hollow reed villains never catch on to this trick. In practice, you cannot inhale in this manner if your lungs are more than Pressure in the spinal fluid is measured as shown in Figure If the pressure in the spinal fluid is The fluid density is 1.
Calculate the pressure due to the ocean at the bottom of the Marianas Trench near the Philippines, given its depth is Is the assumption of constant density valid? Will the actual pressure be greater or smaller than that calculated under this assumption? Therefore, the assumption of constant density is not strictly valid. The actual pressure would be greater, since the pressure is proportional to density. Prove that the speed of an incompressible fluid through a constriction, such as in a Venturi tube, increases by a factor equal to the square of the factor by which the diameter decreases.
Every few years, winds in Boulder, Colorado, attain sustained speeds of Approximately what is the force due to the Bernoulli effect on a roof having an area of m 2? Typical air density in Boulder is 1. Using the principle here produces only an approximate result, because there is significant turbulence.
All numbers are averaged over the entire heartbeat. Calculate the total power output of the left ventricle. Note that most of the power is used to increase blood pressure.
The arterioles small arteries leading to an organ, constrict in order to decrease flow to the organ. To shut down an organ, blood flow is reduced naturally to 1. By what factor did the radii of the arterioles constrict? Penguins do this when they stand on ice to reduce the blood flow to their feet.
Solution If the flow rate is reduced to 1. Example This reversal can be a problem when patients stand up. Verify that the flow of oil is laminar barely for an oil gusher that shoots crude oil The vertical pipe is 50 m long. Since the oil rises to So the flow of oil is laminar barely. Gasoline is piped underground from refineries to major users. The flow rate is 3.
Suppose hydrogen and oxygen are diffusing through air. A small amount of each is released simultaneously. How much time passes before the hydrogen is 1. Such differences in arrival times are used as an analytical tool in gas chromatography. We want the distance traveled to be the same, so we can set the equations equal. The distance will be the same when the time difference between tH 2 and tO 2 is 1. Solving for the hydrogen time gives: DO2 1.
Therefore, the hydrogen will be 1. What is the Fahrenheit temperature of a person with a How many degrees Celsius does the temperature decrease when there is a Show that Since atoms are widely spaced, the average length is probably more on the order of 0. A bicycle tire has a pressure of 7. What will its pressure be if you let out an amount of air that has a volume of cm 3 at atmospheric pressure?
Assume tire temperature and volume remain constant. What is the pressure? Nuclear fusion, the energy source of the Sun, hydrogen bombs, and fusion reactors, occurs much more readily when the average kinetic energy of the atoms is high—that is, at high temperatures. Suppose you want the atoms in your fusion experiment to have average kinetic energies of 6.
What temperature is needed? The density of dry air at Dividing by the density of dry air, we can 1. Atmospheric pressure atop Mt. Everest is 3. Why does this drying occur? Everest to maintain the same partial pressure as at sea level. This is why you feel lightheaded at high altitudes: You are partially oxygen deprived. The climbers breathe very dry air, which leads to a lot of moisture being lost due to evaporation.
The breathing passages are therefore not getting the moisture they require from the air being breathed. Solution a From Table Assuming that we are cooking at sea level, the forces on the lid will stem from the internal pressure, found in part a , the ambient atmospheric pressure, and the forces holding the lid shut.
What is the net heat transfer during this heating? Ignore any complications, such as loss of water by evaporation. Following vigorous exercise, the body temperature of an At what rate in watts must the person transfer thermal energy to reduce the body temperature to The first 2.
You may neglect the change in mass of the coffee as it cools, which will give you an answer that is slightly larger than correct. We could have done the problem in standard units, and then converted back to grams to get the same answer.
If you pour 0. You may assume that the water cools so rapidly that effects of the surroundings are negligible. Solution The heat gained by the ice equals the heat lost by the water. Now, we need to calculate the final temperature. A man consumes kcal of food in one day, converting most of it to maintain body temperature. If he loses half this energy by evaporating water through breathing and sweating , how many kilograms of water evaporate?
Compare the rate of heat conduction through a This should seem reasonable, since in the winter the windows feel colder than the walls. One winter day, the climate control system of a large university classroom building malfunctions. As a result, m 3 of excess cold air is brought in each minute. At what rate in kilowatts must heat transfer occur to warm this air by To answer this, assume a horsepower of hp 1.
Therefore, horsepower is lost due to 1 hp heating. The exposed area of skin is 0. He receives radiation at the rate of The rest of the surroundings are at Therefore, with a white tent, the temperature would be lower than Integrated Concepts a Suppose you start a workout on a Stairmaster, producing power at the same rate as climbing stairs per minute.
Assuming your mass is Generally, within five minutes of working out on a Stairmaster, you definitely feel warm and probably are sweating to keep your body from overheating. Unreasonable Results a What is the temperature increase of an Solution Q 0. Most of the food consumed on a day is converted to body heat, losing energy by sweating and breathing, etc. What is the change in internal energy of a car if you put The energy content of gasoline is 1.
Solution Using the energy content of a gallon of gasoline 1. Thus the motor produces 7. How much greater is the internal energy of the helium in the balloon than it would be at zero gauge pressure? With 2. Solution a The efficiency is the work out divided by the heat in: W 1. The exhaust is generally vented to the outside, so as to not heat the building too much.
What is the total change in entropy due to this heat transfer alone, assuming an average indoor temperature of Where do we find more energy when such energy is lost to us? As you know, we use a lot of energy to keep our houses warm in the winter, because of the loss of heat to the outside.
What is the decrease in entropy of Consult Table When an What is the period of How much mass must be added to the object to change the period to 2. What is the period of a 1. Suppose you have a 0. Assume it starts at the maximum amplitude.
Your ear is capable of differentiating sounds that arrive at the ear just 1. What beat frequencies are produced by this discordant combination? Solution There will be three different beat frequencies because of the interactions between the three different frequencies. Note how your answer depends on the time duration of the exposure. This means that starting into a laser for one second is equivalent to starting at the sun for 11 hours without blinking! Dolphins make sounds in air and water.
What is the ratio of the wavelength of a sound in air to its wavelength in seawater? Assume air temperature is Solution The wavelengths of sounds in air and water are different because the speed of sound is different in air and water. The warning tag on a lawn mower states that it produces noise at a level of What is this in watts per meter squared?
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